Coverage for treatment of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) dysfunction is determined according to individual or group customer benefits.

There are three basic approaches to the treatment of TMJ syndrome:

1. Medical-Surgical: Medical visits, arthrocentesis, and injections of the joint may be considered medically necessary when reported with a diagnosis of TMJ dysfunction.

   Physical medicine (including modalities such as heat/cold treatment, manipulation, and electrogalvanic electrical stimulation) may be considered medically necessary when provided as treatment for TMJ syndrome.

   Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) may be considered medically necessary when provided in the assessment of TMJ dysfunction. (Refer to Medical Policy Bulletin Z-7 for additional guidelines of TENS).

   Vapo-coolant spray (ethyl chloride) is a surface (local) anesthetic and should be denied. A participating, preferred, or network provider can bill the member for the denied service.

   Manipulation for the reduction of a fracture or dislocation of the temporomandibular joint (e.g., 21480-21490), or manipulation of the joint under anesthesia (21073), are considered surgical procedures and should be paid as such. However, these codes are inappropriate for treatment of TMJ dysfunction without dislocation and will be denied as not medically necessary. Codes 21480, 21490 are to be used only for a dislocated condyle beyond the eminentia to the fossa.

   Arthroscopic procedures of the temporomandibular joint are eligible for payment. Diagnostic arthroscopy is to be coded as 29800. Therapeutic arthroscopy is to be coded as 29804.

   NOTE:

   Major surgical intervention is rarely required in the treatment of TMJ dysfunction. Any claim for a major surgical procedure such as a meniscectomy, arthroplasty, or total condylectomy should be referred for medical review.

   
   

   Diagnostic x-rays taken in conjunction with the treatment of TMJ dysfunction are eligible for reimbursement. Claims reporting such x-rays should be processed under the appropriate diagnostic radiology code (the 70000 series). Specifically excluded from coverage are the dental radiography codes (D0210-D0350).

   Cephalograms (70350) and pantograms (70355) will be reviewed for medical necessity on an individual consideration basis.

   The following services are ineligible for payment on the basis that they are not of proven value in the diagnosis of this condition:

   Electromyography (EMG) (95867, 95868)
   Iontophoresis (97033)
   Lateral skull x-rays (70250-70260)
   Neuromuscular junction testing (95937)
   Somatosensory testing (95925)
   Nuclear medicine studies (78300, 78305)
   Transcranial x-rays (70250-70260)
   Ultrasound (76536)

2. Psychiatric/Psychological: TMJ dysfunction is often a psychosomatic condition, usually resulting from tension or stress. Bruxism is a common tension habit which can lead to the TMJ syndrome. Payment should be made for psychiatric/psychological visits if reported as such with a diagnosis of TMJ dysfunction.

3. Mechanical: Any method to alter occlusion of the teeth is considered a mechanical approach. Frequently, an intraoral appliance (D7880, S8262) will be prescribed. The intraoral appliance is excluded from coverage under the medical-surgical programs. Whether performed by a dentist or physician, this approach to the treatment of TMJ syndrome is not eligible for reimbursement.

   The jaw motion rehabilitation system, Therabite, a manual, hand-held, single patient use device is eligible for reimbursement. Procedure codes E1700-E1702 should be used to report this device.

   See Medical Policy Bulletin E-1 for information on the eligibility of jaw motion rehabilitation systems.

The following may be considered medically necessary for the treatment of TMJ dysfunction:

• Arthrogram (70332) indicated for presurgical evaluation. Should not be performed in addition to an MRI scan.
• CT scan (70486-70488) - indicated for hard tissue presurgical evaluation.
• Injection of anesthetic agent, trigeminal nerve (64400) - allow only once per course of treatment.
• Muscle testing (95831) - refer to Medical Policy Bulletin V-31 for information.
• MRI scan (70336) - indicated for soft tissue presurgical evaluation.
• Physical medicine, in general, should not exceed four weeks in duration.
  

  NOTE:

  Additional physical medicine services are eligible only with documentation for individual consideration.

• Range of motion measurements (95851) - refer to Medical Policy Bulletin V-31 for information.
• The following services are ineligible for payment on the basis that they are not of proven value in the diagnosis of this condition:

Kinesiography (97799)
Ultrasonic doppler auscultation

See Medical Policy Bulletin Y-1 guidelines regarding physical medicine coverage.

Place of Service: Outpatient

Diagnosis and treatment for Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) Dysfunction is typically an outpatient procedure which is only eligible for coverage as an inpatient procedure in special circumstances including, but not limited to the presence of a co-morbid condition that would require monitoring in a more controlled environment such as the inpatient setting.

Description

The temporomandibular joint connects the mandible (lower jaw) and the temporal bone (located in front of the ears). Dysfunction of this joint can involve hard or soft tissues and may be caused by either organic disease or functional joint abnormalities. Symptoms are varied and include, but are not limited to, clicking sounds in the jaw, headaches, trismus, and pain in the ears, neck, arms, and spine. TMJ dysfunction can also be referred to as any of the following: cranial-cervical syndrome, myofascial pain-dysfunction syndrome, asymmetrical motor neuropathy, cervicalgia, localized myospasm, cephalgia, musculoskeletal dysfunction, neural entrapment, vascular instability, myalgia/myositis.

NOTE:

This policy is designed to address medical guidelines that are appropriate for the majority of individuals with a particular disease, illness, or condition. Each person's unique clinical circumstances may warrant individual consideration, based on review of applicable medical records.

This medical policy may not apply to FEP. Medical policy is not an authorization, certification, explanation of benefits or a contract. Benefits are determined by the Federal Employee Program.

Scrivani SJ, Keith DA, Kaban LB. Temporomandibular disorders. N Engl J Med. 2008,359:2693-2705.